$i = \frac{AV_{t+1}-AV_{t}}{AV_t}$ $d = \frac{AV_{t+1}-AV_{t}}{AV_{t+1}}$
$i_{real}= \frac{i-\pi}{1+\pi}$ i=annual rate of return, $\pi$ = rate of inflation
$v = \frac{1}{1+i}$ $d = \frac{i}{1+i}$ $i=\frac{d}{1-d}$ $1-v = d$ $(1+i) = (1-d)^{-1}$
$ \delta_{t} = \frac{\frac{\mathrm{d} }{\mathrm{d} t}A(t)}{A(t)}$ $\delta =ln(1+i)$ $e^{\delta} = 1+i$ $e^{-\delta}=v$
$AVF_{t1,t2} = e^{\int_{t1}^{t2}\delta_tdt}$ $PVF_{t1,t2} = e^{-\int_{t1}^{t2}\delta_tdt}$
$\left [ 1+\frac{i^{(p)}}{p} \right ]^p = (1+i)$
$\left [ 1-\frac{d^{(p)}}{p} \right ]^p = (1-d)$
$a(t) = (1+i)^t $ (Compound Interest)
$a(t) = (1+it) $ (Simple Interest) $a(0) = 1 $
$A(t) = ka(t)$
$d < d^{(2)} < d^{(4)} < d^{(12)} < ….< \delta <….< i^{(12)} < i^{(4)} < i^{(2)} < i $